Project Reports

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Design of Earth Mat, Fault Level Calculation and Relay Co-Ordination for 220kv Sub Station
(2015-12-22T07:09:52Z) Ashwini, N; Brunda, M; Yashika, B A
In a substation, earthing system is essential not only to provide the protection of people working in the vicinity of earthed facilities and equipments against danger of electric shock but to maintain proper function of electrical system. • This project presents the design of earthing system including the earth mat/grid for a 220 kvsubstation as per the international standards and the fault level calculations. Simulation for calculation of the required parameters using MAT Lab/ETAP DEMO. • The supporting data will be obtained from the actual field tested at the substation. Standard equations are used in the design of the earthing system to get the desired parameters such as earth resistance, grid resistance, maximum fault current level, resistivity of the soil, etc. This project also mentions the study details of the existing 11 kV substation, relay coordination of the existing network and the design for the new 220 kV substation.
Estimation To Optimize The Power Consumption At SVP Block In NHCE
(2015-12-22T07:17:15Z) Chethan, D B; Siddappa; Ravi, Mandal Kumar
New technologies used in developing smart homes and appliances and also in renewable energy production have been attracting much attention in recent years. In practice, the management of these technologies to get the minimum household payment for consumption of energy has become a challenge due to the time- varying electricity price and to meet demand is more challenge. In this project, it is compared between the use of grid energy over solar energy. The power is tapped from gird through 11Kv line to New Horizon College Engineering (NHCE) substation. The power is then distributed to various blocks. Our project is based over SARDAR VALLAHBHAI PATEL BLOCK (SVBP). Calculating the total single phase loads, here we are tabulating total single phase Fan and Tube lights in SVPB. Calculating theoretically the total power required to operate the entire load simultaneously with AC supply and DC supply. The measuring parameters are operating voltage, current, power factor, active power, reactive power and apparent power. For the same load requirement, their equivalent DC load is used to conclude the project by verifying the measuring parameter. Theoretical calculations are verified by simulating over Matlab environment. The result shows that using AC loads the power consumed is 33.216KW and in DC system the load consumed for same load characteristics is 22.87KW. Thus for DC load the power consumed is 31.15% less than AC load for the same load characteristics.
Speed Synchronization of Multiple Motors in Textile & Steel Mills
(2015-12-22T07:25:36Z) Anil Kumar, Rajak; Ankit, Kumar; Ankur, Shukla; Vivek Kumar, Singh
The aim of this project is synchronization of multiple motors using wireless technology. This project uses radio frequency to synchronize motor speeds. This is applicable to many industries like textile mills, steel plants, paper plants wherein all the motors used on conveyor are desired to be synchronized. For example, in textile mills where multiple motors work simultaneously on a conveyor belt to draw clothes, it is essential that all the motors there should run at same speed, so that balanced tension is achieved to avoid clothes getting damaged. In this project motors are wirelessly synchronized to make the differential speed error among multiple motors to zero. One motor acts as transmitter and all the rest as receivers. Thus, if a particular speed is set in the transmitter then all other motors speed would be matched to the same speed of the main motor. The mode of communication is radio frequency. BLDC motors used operate on the basis of PWM control. Each motor has a closed loop feedback mechanism providing RPM reference by a shaft mounted IR sensor arrangement whose output is fed to the controller in the circuit. A display unit displays the full speed and one can enter the desired percentage with help of a keypad to obtain the required speed for all the motors. The pulse width output from the microcontroller would be automatically adjusted to maintain the DC power to the motor such that the entered speed percentage matches the running RPM. The above operation is carried out by using one opto isolator and a MOSFET for driving the BLDC motor duly interfaced from the microcontroller. In various stages of operations motors have to rotate at different speeds, so if we change the speed in transmitting motor then rest of the motors are adjusted accordingly. The whole operation is made simple by using this technology. Manpower and time is also saved in this system. The future works include giving intelligence to the whole system like if any of the motor senses any fault, the whole system will shutdown
Vehicle movement sensed led street lights with idle time dimming
(2015-12-22T07:37:32Z) Priyak, Mukherjee; Rudrani, Mani; Subhadeep, Paul; Sunil, Kumar Singh
The project is designed to detect vehicle movement on highways to switch on only a block of street lights ahead of it (vehicle), and to switch off trailing lights to save energy. This proposed system provides a solution for energy saving achieved by sensing an approaching vehicle, and then to switch on a block of street lights ahead of the vehicle. As the vehicle passes by, the trailing lights get switch off automatically. So, when there are no vehicles on the highway, then all the lights remain off. However, there is another mode of operation wherein, instead of being switched off completely, the lights remain on with only 10% of intensity. As a vehicle approaches, the block of street lights switch to 100% intensity, and then, as the vehicle passes by, the trailing lights revert back to 10% intensity again. High intensity discharge lamp (HID) presently used for urban street lighting are based on the principle of gas discharge wherein the light intensity which is not controllable by any voltage reduction. White light emitting diode (LED) based lamps are soon replacing the HID lamps in street light. Intensity control is also possible by pulse width modulation (PWM) generated by the microcontroller. A set of sensors used on either side of the road senses a vehicle movement and sends logic commands to the microcontroller to switch on/off the LEDs. Thus, this way of dynamically changing intensity helps in saving lot of energy. The project uses a PIC series microcontroller. Furthermore, the project can be enhanced by using appropriate sensors for detecting the failed street lights, and then sending an SMS to the control department via a GSM modem for appropriate action.
360 Degree Solar Tracking And Automatic Cleaning System
(2015-12-22T09:16:43Z) Suman, Choudhary; Sneha, Kumar; Saurabh, Kumar; Neeraj, Kumar
The solar PV modules are generally employed in dusty environments which is the case in tropical countries like India. The dust gets accumulated on the front surface of the module and blocks the incident light from the sun. It reduces the power generation capacity of the module. The power output reduces as much as by 50% if the module is not cleaned for a month. In order to regularly clean the dust, a sun tracking- cum- cleaning system has been designed, which not only tracks the sun but also cleans the modules automatically. This automated system is implemented using microcontroller which controls the stepper motor coupled solar panel. This mechanism does not require any sensor or synchronization for tracking the sun. In this mechanism, the solar panels make a rotation of 360o in a day, which results in sliding of cleaning brushes twice over the PV modules. In terms of daily energy generation, the presented tracking- scheme provides about 30% more energy output as compared to the flat PV module (module kept stationary on ground) and about 15% more energy output as compared to PV module with single axis tracking. The implementation and working of 360 degree sun tracking system with automatic cleaning is described in this paper.
Priority Based Load Control System
(2015-12-22T09:31:32Z) Ashok, Reddy K S; Balaji, D; Najeerahammad, Pinjar; Raghu, PS
Different energy sources and converters need to be integrated to meet sustained load demands while accommodating various natural conditions. This paper focuses on the integration of photovoltaic (PV), wind power ,main and ups. In the proposed system, the micro controller ill allow on priority to the and transfers energy to the load side. Whenever the PV system cannot completely meet load demands, the wind system provides power to meet the remaining load. Whenever the wind power cannot completely meet load demand the main power meet load demand developed for the proposed system.
Buck Boost Inverter And Controlling Techniques
(2015-12-22T09:35:25Z) Ankur, Prasad; Hari Krishna, K; Prashanth Reddy, P; Prateek, Kumar
The title of our project is Buck Boost Inverter and its controlling techniques. The purpose of our experiment is to build a buck boost inverter which to overcome the problems of the traditional V-source and I-source converters. In this project the buck boost will be achieved with the help of inductor and capacitor connected between the rectifier and inverter. Different types of controlling techniques are compared. Procedure involved is introducing a Z source network in between source and inverter and three types of PWM control, i.e., simple boost ,constant boost, maximum boost, maximum constant boost, were each implemented in a single-phase ZSI, in open-loop system, with various dc input voltages and various switching frequencies
Design and Development of Test Kit for DC Overvoltage Protection Unit
(2015-12-22T10:42:47Z) Cyrus, Joshua; Shallin, Paul; Sunil, V; Niranjana, Swamy
This project aims at design of test kit for DC Overvoltage Protection Unit, which is used in aircraft to prevent various electronic devices from damages which may be caused due to overvoltage. This Protection Unit is used to control the operation of an external, latching-type relay present in the voltage regulator, This relay de-excites the generator if an overvoltage condition occurs. The test kit designed for the DC overvoltage protection unit basically simulates the overvoltage condition across the DC overvoltage protectlion unit. Due to this overvoltage simulation the unit operates and excites the relay provided in the test kit, and thus the protection unit disconnects the supply. The test kit is also used for measuring the time taken by protection unit to operate. The details of project have been discussed in following chapters.
APFC (Automatic Power Factor Compensation) For Industrial Power Use to Minimize Penalty
(2015-12-22T10:55:13Z) Abhishek, Sadhukhan; Azhar Uddin, Bora; Manshavi, Kumar; Saurav, Mishra
The project is designed to minimize penalty for industrial units using automatic power factor correction unit. In this proposed system, two zero crossing detectors are used for detecting zero crossing of voltage and current. The time lag between the zero-voltage pulse and zero-current pulse is duly generated by suitable operational amplifier circuits in comparator mode is fed to two interrupt pins of a microcontroller. It displays time lag between the current and voltage on an LCD. The program takes over to actuate appropriate number of relays from its output to bring shunt capacitors into load circuit to get the power factor till it reaches near unity. The capacitor bank and relays are interfaced to the microcontroller using a relay driver. The microcontroller used in this project belongs to 8051 family. Furthermore, the project can be enhanced by using thyristor control switches instead of relay control to avoid contact pitting often encountered by switching of capacitors due to high in rush current.
High Voltage Line Inspection Robot
(2015-12-22T11:02:55Z) Akanksha, Srivastava; Avinash, Kumar Singh; Narayanan, G S; Ritesh, Kumar Singh
Electrical power companies usually perform regular visual inspection to check the status of their transmission lines mainly using helicopter equipped with external gimbals housing infrared and ultraviolet camera to detect hot spots and corona discharges. This solution is quite expensive, dangerous for the crew and not very reliable. Power transmission line inspection is of utmost importance for power companies towards having sustainable electricity supply to vast number of customers in major industries as well as households in a city. Inspection provides valuable data from status of the line, thus helps line engineers to plan for necessary repair or replacement works before any major damages which may result in outage. Thanks to technological advances, utilizing robots as reliable substitutes for human beings in hazardous environments such as live lines has become possible. For many tasks requiring high precision over a long period of time, robots even do their job better than human operators. The line inspection robot autonomously inspects power lines while mounted on a live phase line. The line inspection robot is a line-crawling autonomous robot, constituting a mobile sensor system. While travelling along the line it will carry sensors enabling it to perform most inspection activities performed today, and more. A key concept of the approach is the gathering of power from the live line, enabling the robot to inspect for long periods of time without being bothered with energy-supply issues. The line inspection robot will be part of a system offering the inspection capability. The system must, at least, have the ability to: • Conveniently raise the robot to, and lower it from, the line to be inspected • Report, and provide some initial analysis of, the results of an inspection • Offer some way of communicating with the operating robot, perhaps offering some remote control abilities
Distribution Static Compensator using DC Link VSI for Power Quality Improvement
(2015-12-23T08:42:28Z) Sreerag, S; Pacha Ashok, Kumar; Veeresh, Kumara; Vijay, Kumar
Power quality issue is one the main problem faced in today end user equipments. Here the source harmonics present in current due to unbalanced and Non-Linear loads. The Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) is analyzed for source current. THD before compensation and after compensation for unbalanced and Non-Linear load; during analyzing THD, phase A of unbalanced load is removed for simulation time period. Thus applying two phase load and simulating the matlab model to find the THD for all three phases. Also, THD is tabulated for both at unbalanced conditions. With help of three phase circuit breaker, Shunt Active Filters (SAF) is connected at Point Of Common Contact (PCC). Circuit breaker is designed such that the initially SAF is not connected to PCC. After 0.04 seconds, circuit breaker from its initial open status is closed after 0.04 seconds and remains connected till the end of simulation time. Control algorithm to generate gate pulses to trigger Integrated Gate bipolar Transistor (IGBT). The compensated source current is generated with the help of IGBT through RL filter circuit.The reference current methodology applied here is Instantaneous Symmetrical Component Theory. ISRF is proposed for three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) which includes voltage source converter and a dc link capacitor. The Source power to Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is performed with constant DC source. The THD is observed in source current. Thus Results are compared for unbalanced and non-linear load. Critical analysis is performed for THD in source current for unbalanced and non-linear load when source for VSI is constant DC supply. It has been observed that the THD is reduced after injecting compensation after 0.04 seconds till simulation time. The THD for two phase load is greater than three phase load.
Power Generation From Vehicle Movement in Highways with Intelligent Lighting Control
(2015-12-23T08:52:04Z) Basavaraju, .PL; Charan, Kumar .V; Pratikalpa, Kashyap; Saurabh, Yadav
India is facing an acute energy scarcity which is hampering its industrial growth and economic progress. Setting up of new power plants is inevitably dependent on import of highly volatile fossil fuels. Thus, it is essential to tackle the energy crisis through judicious utilization of abundant the renewable energy resources, such as solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy. Apart from augmenting the energy supply, renewable resources will help India in mitigating climate change. India is heavily dependent on fossil fuels for its energy needs. Most of the power generation is carried out by coal and mineral oil-based power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gases emission. The average per capita consumption of energy in India is around 500W, which is much lower than that of developed countries like USA, Europe, Australia, Japan etc. However, this figure is expected to rise sharply due to high economic growth and rapid industrialization. The consumption of electricity is growing on the worldwide basis. Energy is a necessity and sustainable renewable energy is a vital link in industrialization and development of India. A transition from conventional energy systems to those based on renewable resources is necessary to meet the ever-increasing demand for energy and to address environmental concerns. The objective of the paper is to design a wind turbine to recapture wind energy from vehicles on the highway. Wind energy is considered the fastest growing clean energy source. It is limited by variable natural wind. Highways can provide a required considerable amount of wind to drive a turbine due to high vehicle traffic. This energy is unused. Extensive research on wind patterns is required to determine the average velocity of the wind created by oncoming vehicles. The wind turbines will be placed on the medians therefore fluid flow from both sides of the highway will be considered in the design. Using all of the collected data, existing streetlight on the medians can be fitted with these wind turbines.
Smart Home Energy Management System Using Renewable Energy
(2015-12-23T08:58:49Z) Naveen, M S; Divya, M; Ruchika; Srilakshmi, M
With advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. As home energy use is increasing and renewable energy system are deployed , home energy management system(HEMS) needs to consider both energy consumption and generation simultaneously to minimize the energy cost. In this project a versatile stochastic optimization approach has been proposed for SHEMS, to suffice the residential customers in an efficient energy management comprising high penetration of renewable and distributed energy source , large scale storage of energy and high quality demand side management, mitigating monetary expense. The energy consumption of the smart house energy management system is to reduce peak demand of the power usage based on the priority of the appliances used. The automatic control of priority of the appliances ON/OFF is scheduled based of the time of usage. The System also allows the user to switch off manually incase the particular appliances is not used in a particular time . The energy generation of SHEMS is developed using Solar as a renewable energy resource.
Battery Super Capacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles
(2015-12-23T09:06:21Z) Abhilash, .M; Jaishree, .R; Manjunatha, .B; Sharath, Babu .K
Time is of the utmost essence in the modern world. Especially in the field of energy storage, saving energy in quick time is most desirable. A battery takes quite a long time to charge but on the contraire the time required for charging a supercapacitor is very less. Due to the high charging time of the battery, the material inside the battery degrades with time. This paper aims at combining both the battery and the supercapacitor for energy storage in an Electrical Vehicle (EV) to increase the long run of the vehicle and also to reduce the fluctuations during the discharge. Additional to this, this paper also aims to use the concept of regenerative braking to charge the supercapacitor along with harnessing the solar energy during run of the vehicle to charge the supercapacitors.
Design and Development of Voltage Control Unit for Sukhoi-30MKI
(2015-12-23T09:11:13Z) Aishwarya N, Ghodgaonkar; Chethan V; Jasjeev, Singh
HAL‘s initiative to develop and redesign the electronics of their aircraft Sukhoi-30MKI has led to the evolution of this project. As the project is titled ‗Voltage Control Unit for Sukhoi-30MKI‘, this unit constantly monitors the input power supply given by the Ground Support Equipment to ensure the working and functionality of all the electronics present in the aircraft. Thus the GSE being interfaced with the bus monitoring system (VCU) present inside the aircraft gets automatically disconnected when the electrical supply is not within tolerable limits. This unit is equipped with the functionality to protect the aircraft electrical system from negative phase sequence, poor power quality (voltage) and the system frequency when the external AC power source of Ground Support Equipment is connected to the aircraft by keeping a constant check which is further explained in detail independently. Converged with the capability of monitoring the entire power supply inputted, the unit consists of three main sections namely Voltage, Phase and Frequency. The outputs and results at every stage of all sections, obtained are enclosed. The unit also self-checks the working of all the components present within itself, which adds a step higher to increase the safety of the unit itself and there by the aircraft. This functionality is done by the self-test unit placed within. This process is initiated before the bus monitoring system (VCU) takes the actual power supply to be monitored. The results of the same are discussed further.
Hybrid Smart Power Generation Using Arm Based Microcontroller
(2015-12-23T09:18:19Z) Ajit, Nambiar; Ashwin.K, .Das; Sreelal, O.P; Neelam, Chauhan
Solar and wind energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of energy resource. More energy is produced by tracking the solar panel to remain aligned to the sun at a right angle to the rays of light and controlling the wind turbine. This paper describes in detail the design and construction of a prototype for solar and wind tracking system with three degrees of freedom, which detects the sunlight using photocells. The control circuit for the solar tracker is based on a ARM microcontroller (MCU). This is programmed to detect the sunlight through the photocells and airflow, then actuate the motor to position the solar panel where it can receive maximum sunlight and rotate the turbine where it can receive maximum wind. We use the generated power energy for applications such as DC Motor.
8051 Based Renewable Energy – 12v DC Power Generation Using Back EMF & Solar
(2015-12-23T09:25:18Z) Amit, Kumar; Gagan Deep, Singh; Rahul, Rai; Surabhi, Kumari
In this project solar energy and motor back emf is used to charge the battery. Sometimes solar panel will not provide enough voltage to charge battery due to insufficient sun light. So here a Buck Boost circuit is used to boost the voltage to required level. And also we run a motor through motor driver which is actuated by the controller. That motor is coupled by another motor. Due to coupling the other motor rotates and generates back emf. This genearated back emf is boosted and applied to battery to charge the battery. A bulb or LED will be connected to battery as a load, the battery supply is given to LED through another Buck Boost so that if battery voltage reduces the intensity of light remains still due to constant voltage supplied by boost circuit.
Stand and Ride Electric Vehicle-2
(2015-12-23T09:32:50Z) Annu, Kumari; V. Shilpa, Yadav; Shruthi, .S
Tapping on the growing interest in electrical vehicles due to environmental concerns, and the significant contribution electrical vehicles can make to reduce global air pollution being zero emission vehicles. Our efforts are directed towards developing an innovative and robust electrical vehicle for one person stand and ride. The main objective of the project work is to design and implement an electrical vehicle with an acceleration and breaking functions with the feasible design which aims at lowering the cost of the electrical vehicle when estimated commercially in the product market. Practically tested to give a range of about 30kmph. It powers the prominence of 'Energy Efficiency' by using the hub motor of 250W for its operation. Cutoff circuit is designed to automatically cut off charging circuit for a 12V,24Ah lead acid battery, which protects it from over charging. This project explains in detail the choice of motor, the chassis design and the need for an electrical vehicleand its advantages.
Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation System
(2015-12-23T09:40:12Z) Chirag V, Kashyap; Nadeem, Nissar; Veershetty, Allapur; Olivia, Mete
Power supply to remote villages of India where agriculture is the main practise has been unreliable for many decades. Even today a vast majority of villages in India receive unreliable power for their agricultural activities. Due to compromised power supply and continued load shedding, the agricultural practises of rural areas has slowed down, often depending upon conventional and traditional practises thereby reducing the yield. Running of motors and pump sets for irrigation have taken a backseat due to unreliable power supply and faulty power systems, this inturn is reducing the per unit profit which the farmer can make due to under-irrigation of crucial crops. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important because the main reason for lack of yield is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water. The continuous extraction of water from earth is reducing the water level due to which lot of land is coming slowly in the zones of un-irrigated land. The reduced yield is caused due to the unplanned use of water which leads to a significant waste of water. For this purpose we use intend to design this automatic plant irrigation system. The system we design would derive power from solar energy through photo-voltaic cells. Hence, dependency on erratic commercial power will not be required. India being a tropical country receives good amount of sunshine in most parts all through year. Our objective is to utilize the freely available solar energy to power a motor to pump water for irrigation of crops in a smart and most efficient way, thereby conserving both energy and water which are scares resources in such areas. The working model we intend to design and build would be a closed loop system comprising of sensors to monitor and control the operation of a valve in a motor to control the flow of water. Our project aims to develop a low cost solution to the power problems faced in agricultural fields and to improve irrigational practises by efficient utilization of the power of the sun and water. We intend to design and implement hardware which provides reliable power to the pumping systems of farmers for wise and efficient irrigation.
Multistage Water Pumping
(2015-12-23T09:46:15Z) Gayasuddin, Siddiqui; Lohith, .S; P H. Neeraj, Sharma; N., Manikandan
With the world encountering huge pollution problems, use of renewable energy is being encouraged in place of fossils fuels for electricity generation. One such renewable energies is solar power. Solar powered systems are able to generate electricity using photovoltaic (PV) panels, or thermal collectors directly from sunlight. PV systems convert solar energy into electric energy. PV systems are a reliable means of generating power for applications such as rural electrification and domestic water pumping because of their low operation and maintenance costs. Since India is blessed with ample sunshine solar power could be a solution to taking electricity to remote area. Water is one of main concern of worries now a days since there are many areas where availability of water is less, people are struggling to get water even for their basic needs. We need to conserve water by using different techniques. Water has become the primarily source of problem (conflict between the Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu for water) so for avoiding such problem we can use canal and reservoir and keep water whenever demand is acute. Further it is required to store, when water is present and use water when main source of water is absent. Here we are going to simulate the reservoir filling mechanism which is connected to a canal which will automatically fill the reservoir whenever it gets empty/ near exhaustion. In the proposed demo we will use two Low Power motors for filling the reservoir which are controlled by microcontroller on the bases of level sensing Circuit that will automatically switch ON/OFF the motors as per level of water present in the reservoir. In this project we will be using solar panel to charge batteries which in-turn will be employed for running the low Power Motors that will be controlled by microcontroller. The system is intelligent to automatically sense the levels and take the decisions to switch ON/OFF the motors automatically.

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